ABSTRACT
This paper quantifies the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the productive activity in Colombia and the measures adopted to contain, mitigate, and recover from it. Additionally, distributional effects are studied, taking into consideration different types of households in order to analyse their impact on the most vulnerable sectors of the economy. For this purpose, a CGE model that summarises the behaviour of the Colombian economy and allows for simulation of the COVID-19 shocks is constructed. It found a growth of 4.6% in 2021, which would be insufficient for reaching pre-pandemic GDP levels. The social effects would be devastating in terms of poverty, which after rising by about eight percentage points during 2020, could continue increasing in 2021 due to the partial recovery of labour markets.
ABSTRACT
Background: COVID-19 is the pandemic most affected since the 1918 influenza. In order to control its effects, the governments of different countries, including Spain, adopted exceptional measures such as lockdown and the suspension of non-essential economic activity. Studies carried out in China, where the population was also confined, have found an increase in the prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptom among the most affected regions compared to other less affected [1] Aim: To describe the presence of post-traumatic symptom among a large sample from the general population in the different regions of Spain after two weeks from the declaration of the state of alarm in Spain. Methods. The data was obtained through an online questionnaire two weeks after the declaration of the state of alarm in Spain (performed between 19 and 26 March, 2020) addressed to general population over eighteen years old [2]. It was spread using an online “snowball” method. Assessment sociodemographic, clinical variables and psychometric scales. Post-traumatic stress symptoms were measured by the Stressful Impact Scale (EIE), which consists of 15 items, divided into two subscales related to symtoms of intrusion and avoidance. The SPSS v24.0 program was used in the statistical analysis. Results: The sample consists of 21,153 individuals [30.3% men] with an average age of 39.75 ± 14.04 (18 to 100 years). A) Intrusive response: regions with the highest prevalence of intrusive response are Castilla La Mancha (31.2%), Andalusia (30.7%) and Extremadura (26.2%);regions with the lowest prevalence of intrusive response are Aragon (18.9%), Navarra (16.0%) and La Rioja (21.4%). B)Avoidance response: regions with the highest prevalence of avoidance response are Andalusia (55.7%), Extremadura (53.7%) and Castilla La Mancha (51.3%);regions with the lowest prevalence of avoidance response are Galicia (39%), Aragon (37.6%) and Navarra (32.7%). In Madrid, the prevalence of avoidant and intrusive symptoms was 43.1% and 26.0%, respectively. Conclussions: Avoidance symptoms were more frequent than intrusion symptoms in all regions. Andalusia, Extremadura and Castilla La Mancha are the regions with the highest prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms, both intrusive and avoidant. In addition, Aragon and Navarra presented low post-traumatic symptoms prevalence. The situation in the Community of Madrid is particularly garish. Despite being the region most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, the prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms, both intrusive and avoidant, is close to average. The representativeness of the regions in the sample is a limitation of our study. However, the Madrid region is well represented in terms of the percentage share of the total sample. The results obtained do not seem consistent with the epidemiological situation of these regions at that time. It neither are according to the findings of other studies, so it would be necessary to investigate the existence of other factors that contribute to explaining these results. No conflict of interest